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Ayyubids, named after
the Kurdish military leader Ayyub from Armenia, who entered the service of the Zangids as Abbasid governor of
Tekreit near Baghdad and became governor of
Damascus. His brother, Shirkuh, and his son, Salah al-Din (Saladin), became
military leaders of the Fatimids in Egypt; Saladin (1138-1193), the greatest
Islamic hero of the Crusades, became vizier of Cairo in 1169, removed the
Fatimids in 1171, and united Egypt and Syria under his rule (under the formal
sovereignty of the caliph of Baghdad). In 1175 he adopted the title of sultan,
occupied Aleppo in 1181, and gained sovereignty of northern Mesopotamia; he led
the battle against the Crusaders and was able to win Jerusalem back from them in
1187 (with a victory at Hattin). Following his death, the empire was divided
between his five sons and his brother, al-Adel (1193/1200-1218), who by 1200 had
restored the unity of the realm.
In 1218 the empire was once again divided: a main dynastic branch with
the sultanate under al-Kamil (1218-1238) in Cairo and secondary
branches in Damascus, Aleppo, and Hums. The main branch in Cairo ended
in 1250 with the assassination of the sultan Al-Muazzam by the Mamluks, the
secondary branches of Damascus and Aleppo were removed in 1260 by the IIkhanids,
and
the Hums branch by the Mamluks in 1250; one branch remained in Hama until
1341. The Ayyubids of Yemen constitute an independent branch.
Ayyubids Sultans
Ayyubid Sultans of Egypt
Saladin 1171-1193
Al-Aziz 1193-1198
Al-Mansur 1198-1200
Al-Adil I 1200-1218
Al-Kamil 1218-1238
Al-Adil II 1238-1240
As-Salih Ayyub 1240-1249
Turanshah 1249-1250
Al-Ashraf II 1250-1254 (nominally, actually the Mamluk Aibek ruled)
Ayyubid Sultans of Damascus
Saladin 1174-1193
Al-Afdal 1193-1196
Al-Adil I 1196-1218
Al-Mu'azzam 1218-1227
An-Nasir Dawud 1227-1229
Al-Ashraf 1229-1237
As-Salih Ismail 1237
Al-Kamil 1237-1238
Al-Adil II 1238-1239
As-Salih Ayyub 1239
As-Salih Ismail (2nd time) 1239-1245
As-Salih Ayyub (2nd time) 1245-1249
Turanshah 1249-1250
An-Nasir Yusuf 1250-1260
Ayyubid Emirs of Aleppo
Al-Adil I 1183-1186
Az-Zahir 1186-1216
Al-Aziz 1216-1236
An-Nasir Yusuf 1236-1260
Ayyubid Emirs of Hamah
Al-Muzaffar I 1178-1191
Al-Mansur I 1191-1221
Al-Nasir 1221-1229
Al-Muzaffar 1229-1244
Al-Mansur II 1244-1284
Al-Muzaffar III 1284-1299
Al-Muayyad 1310-1332
Al-Afdal 1332-1334
Ayyubid Emirs of Homs
Al-Qahir 1178-1186
Al-Mujahid 1186-1240
Al-Mansur 1240-1246
Al-Ashraf 1248-1263
Ayyubid Emirs of Yemen
Al-Mu'azzam Turanshah 1173-1181
Al-Aziz Tughtegin 1181-1197
Muizz ud-Din Ismail 1197-1202
An-Nasir Ayyub 1202-1214
Al-Muzaffar Sulaiman 1214-1215
Al-Mas'ud Yusuf 1215-1229
Ayyubid Rulers of the Jezireh
Al-Ashraf 1218-1237
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